In 2013, Wall Street Journal reporters Reed Albergotti and Vanessa O’Connell published “Wheelmen: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France and the Greatest Sports Conspiracy Ever.” This New York Times bestseller examined Armstrong’s blood-doping scandal in detail.
“Rather than try to hide the transfusion from her, Armstrong was completely open about it,” Albergotti and O’Connell wrote. “He trusted that Crow would have no desire to tell the press or anyone else about the team’s doping program. He explained that it was simply part of the sport — that all cyclists were doing the same thing.”
The reporters explained that Food and Drug Administration special agent Jeff Novitzky proffered limited immunity to Crow and others, describing it as, “a standard legal arrangement that allows a cooperating witness to provide testimony while being guaranteed protection from prosecution based on any admissions he might make, provided he tells the truth.”
Later in the book, Albergotti and O’Connell wrote that the federal prosecutors “had even procured the testimony of Sheryl Crow after she had agreed to their proffer. Crow had witnessed doping firsthand, she said.”
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